ARISTOTLE, Logic, Categories

From biographical note on Aristotle:
He [Plato] is said to have been called by Plato the intellect of the school. There is also a tradition that he taught rhetoric. “The more I am by myself and alone, the fonder I have become of myths.”

ARISTOTLE: LOGIC, CATEGORIES

Aristotle wrote:

Things are said to be named ‘derivatively,’ which derive their name from some other sname, but different from it in termination. Thus the grammarian derives his name from the word ‘grammar’, and the courageous man from the word ‘courage’.

Aristotle, Categories, ch. 1, pg. 5

Aristotle wrote:

But where one genus is subordinate to another, there is nothing to prevent their having the same differentiae; for the greater class is predicated of the lesser, so that all the differentiae of the predicate will be differentiae also of the subject.

Aristotle, Categories, ch. 3, pg. 5

Aristotle wrote:

… no single substance admits of varying degrees within itself. For instance, one particular substance, ‘man’, cannot be more or less man either than himself at some other time or than some other man. One man cannot be more man than another.

Aristotle, Categories, ch. 5, pg. 8

Aristotle wrote:

Nor can the same one action be good and bad: …

Aristotle, Categories, ch. 5, pg. 8

Aristotle wrote:

The statement ‘he is sitting’ remains unfalse, according to circumstances. What has been said of statements applies also to opinion. Thus, in respect of the manner in which the thing takes place, it is the peculiar mar of substance that it should be capable of admitting contrary qualities; for it is by itself changing that it does so.

Aristotle, Categories, ch. 5, pg. 8

Aristotle wrote:

In short, there is nothing that can alter the nature of statements and opinions.

Aristotle, Categories, ch. 5, pg. 8

Aristotle wrote:

Quantity is either discrete or continuous. Moreover, some quantities are such that each part of the whole has a relative position to the other parts; other have within them no such relation of part to part.

Aristotle, Categories, ch. 6, pg. 9

Aristotle wrote:

The same is true of speech. That speech is a quantity is evident; for it is measured in long and short syllables. I mean here that speech which is vocal. Moreover, it is a discrete quantity, for its parts have no common boundary. There is no common boundary at which the syllables join, but each is a separate and distinct from the rest.

Aristotle, Categories, ch. 6, pg. 9

Aristotle wrote:

Quantity does not, it appears admit of variation of degree. One thing cannot be two cubits long in a greater degree than another. Similarly with regard to number; what is ‘three’ is not more truly three than what is ‘five’ is five; nor is one set of three more truly three than another set.

Aristotle, Categories, ch. 6, pg. 10

Aristotle wrote:

Thus by knowledge we mean knowledge of the knowable; by the knowable, that which is to be apprehended by the perceptible; by the perceptible, that which is apprehended by perception.

Aristotle, Categories, ch. 7, pg. 11

Aristotle wrote:

Occasionally, perhaps, it is necessary to coin words, if no word exists by which a correlation can adequately be explained.

Aristotle, Categories, ch. 7, pg. 11

Aristotle wrote:

Again, if he knows that a thing is more beautiful, it follows necessarily that he will forthwith definitely know that also than which it is more beautiful. He will not merely know indefinitely that it is more beautiful than something which is less beautiful, for this would be supposition, not knowledge. For if he does not know definitely that than which it is more beautiful, he can no longer claim to know definitely that it is more beautiful than something else which is less beautiful; for it might be that nothing was less beautiful. It is therefore evident that if a man apprehends some relative thing definitely, he necessarily knows that also definitely to which it is related.

Aristotle, Categories, ch. 7, pg. 13

Aristotle wrote:

… for those who are not retentive of knowledge, but volatile, are not said to have such and such a ‘habit’ as regards knowledge, yet they are disposed we may say, either better or worse, towards knowledge. Thus habit differs from disposition in this, that while the latter in ephemeral, the former is permanent and difficult to alter.

Aristotle, Categories, ch.8, pg. 14

Aristotle wrote:

… the body is called white because it contains whiteness;… When a man is ashamed, he blushes; when he is afraid, he becomes pale.

Aristotle, Categories, ch.8, pg. 14

Aristotle wrote:

I mean such conditions as insanity, irascibility, and so on; for people are said to be mad or irascible in virtue of these. Similarly those abnormal psychic states which are not inborn, but arise from the concomitance of certain other elements, and are difficult to remove, or altogether permanent, are called qualities, for in virtue of them men are said to be such and such.

Aristotle, Categories, ch.8, pg. 15

Aristotle wrote:

… the inborn capacity is distinct from the science, with reference to which men are called e.g. boxers or wrestlers.

Aristotle, Categories, ch.8, pg. 15

Aristotle wrote:

For if we should say that justice admitted of variation of degree, difficulties might ensue, and this is true with regard to all those qualities which are dispositions.

Aristotle, Categories, ch.8, pg. 16

Aristotle wrote:

Things are said to be opposed in four senses: (i) as correlatives to one another, (ii) as contraries to one another, (iii) as privatives to positives, (iv) as affirmatives to negatives.

Aristotle, Categories, ch.10, pg. 16

VOCABULARY - ARISTOTLE: LOGIC, CATEGORIES

Concomitance, pg. 15,

accompaniment ; especially : a conjunction that is regular and is marked by correlative variation of accompanying elements. In esotropia, (a form of strabismus, or "squint", in which one or both eyes turns

inward. The condition can be constantly present, or occur intermittently) one eye accompanying the other in all excursions.

Dispositions, pg 16

Dispositions are goals that describe students' desired behaviors and attitudes as an outcome of their education. These goals address student development as a whole and relate to real-world functioning.

Typically, dispositions are large ideas that encompass many areas and skills. They often are included in student portfolios because they serve as a reminder of the long-range goals and behaviors to which students can aspire.

Multiage students should possess or be in the process of developing the following dispositions:

1. The ability to evaluate their own learning and reflect upon their growth.

2. Recognize strengths and diversity in others.

3. Effectively communicate through oral and written language.

4. Display independence in applying a variety of learning strategies and use of resources to accomplish a task.

5. Be environmentally, socially, and ethically responsible members of the community.

6. Be responsible for self, property, and classroom duties.

7. Use appropriate social skills to work and accomplish a goal with others.

8. Have the basic skills to support learning and the accomplishment of higher level tasks.

9. Be independent thinkers who can respond critically to a variety of materials and perspectives offered through diverse media."

In Bourdieu's theory of fields dispositions are the natural tendencies of each individual to take on a certain position in any field

ephemeral, pg. 14

lasting one day only

irascibility, pg. 15

irritability of temper; a tendency to become angry or irritable

Predicable, pg. 5

in logic, something that may be predicated, especially, as listed in Boethius’ Latin version of Porphyry’s Isagoge, one of the five most general kinds of attribution: genus, species, differentia, property, and accident.

Privatives, pg 16

Implying privation or negation; giving a negative force to a word; altering the meaning of a term from positive to negative, by means of a prefix; named from Latin privare, "to deprive", is a particle that negates or inverts the value of the stem of the word.